A letter from a Medicare contractor, a subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office, or a visit from federal agents rarely comes with a warning. By the time a provider hears from the government, the investigation has usually been running for months.

We represent physicians, clinic owners, billers, pharmacists, and home health and hospice operators who are facing Medicare fraud allegations at every stage, and we also advise clients who need experienced healthcare fraud defense lawyers for broader federal billing and compliance investigations. Medicare fraud is a federal matter no matter where in the country a practice is located, because the program and the statutes that protect it are federal. That means the strength of your defense depends on federal court experience, not your zip code.

If you’ve received a subpoena, a Civil Investigative Demand, or a visit from OIG or FBI agents, the choices you make in the first days shape everything that follows. We encourage providers to call before answering any questions, not after.

What Counts as Medicare Fraud Under Federal Law

Medicare fraud is prosecuted primarily under the federal health care fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1347. The statute makes it a crime to knowingly and willfully execute, or attempt to execute, a scheme to defraud a health care benefit program or to obtain money from that program through false or fraudulent pretenses.

The word “knowingly” matters. Fraud requires intent. A mistaken code, a documentation gap, or a disagreement over medical necessity is not automatically a crime.

Conduct that federal investigators typically classify as fraud includes:

  • Billing for services never rendered (“phantom billing”)
  • Upcoding, or billing for a more expensive service than the one actually provided
  • Unbundling, or billing separately for services that should be billed together at a lower combined rate
  • Billing for medically unnecessary services, tests, or equipment
  • Kickbacks, meaning payments or other benefits exchanged for patient referrals, which implicate the Anti-Kickback Statute
  • Improper self-referral arrangements, governed by the Stark Law, where a physician refers patients to an entity in which they have a financial interest
  • Falsifying medical records to support claims that would not otherwise be reimbursable


By contrast, honest billing errors, coding mistakes caught during self-audits, and good-faith disagreements about documentation standards are compliance issues, not fraud. The distinction turns on intent and pattern, which is exactly what investigators are trying to establish when they open a file.

Who Gets Investigated for Medicare Fraud

Medicare fraud investigations are not limited to large hospital systems. In our experience, individual providers and small to mid-size practices are frequently the target because their billing patterns are easier to isolate and their internal compliance resources are thinner.

Providers commonly investigated include:

  • Physicians and specialists, particularly in pain management, dermatology, cardiology, and behavioral health
  • Clinic and group practice owners
  • Billing and coding staff, including outside billing companies
  • Home health and hospice agency owners and administrators
  • Durable medical equipment (DME) suppliers
  • Pharmacists and pharmacy owners
  • Telehealth and remote monitoring companies
  • Laboratories, particularly those billing for genetic or toxicology testing


Hypothetical Example:
A home health agency bills Medicare for skilled nursing visits during a period when a patient was hospitalized. A UPIC contractor’s data analytics flag the overlapping dates automatically, well before any human reviewer looks at the chart. That single data mismatch can trigger a broader audit of every claim the agency has submitted in the last several years.

Common Medicare Fraud Allegations We Defend

Most cases we see fall into a handful of recurring categories:

  1. Phantom billing — claims submitted for office visits, tests, or equipment that were never provided.
  2. Upcoding and unbundling — billing a higher-reimbursement code than the service performed, or splitting a bundled service into separate charges.
  3. Medical necessity disputes — claims for imaging, genetic testing, durable medical equipment, or hospice care that investigators argue were not medically necessary.
  4. Kickback and referral arrangements — payments to marketers, physicians, or patient recruiters tied to referrals or prescriptions.
  5. Hospice eligibility fraud — enrolling patients who do not meet the terminal prognosis requirement for the Medicare hospice benefit.
  6. Telehealth billing fraud — billing for remote encounters that did not occur or that did not meet Medicare’s telehealth requirements.
  7. Identity and credential misuse — billing under a supervising physician’s National Provider Identifier for services performed by unlicensed or unsupervised staff.

How a Medicare Fraud Investigation Unfolds

Medicare fraud cases rarely start with a knock on the door. They typically move through several stages before a provider even knows they are a target.

Data Analytics Flags the Claim

CMS and its contractors run every claim through predictive analytics and statistical modeling designed to detect outlier billing patterns. A provider billing at a volume or a code level well outside their peer group is the most common trigger for a closer look.

This shift is real, not theoretical. Russell Lorfing, our Managing Partner and a former Assistant U.S. Attorney, has watched fraud investigations move away from being whistleblower-driven toward being data-first. The Department of Justice now scans billing patterns across thousands of providers and flags statistical outliers automatically. A provider doesn’t need an angry employee to draw scrutiny anymore. A billing profile that looks different from peers on utilization modifiers or reimbursement per patient can be enough to land on a list.

That pattern held up from the prosecution side too. In the Medicare and health care fraud cases Lorfing handled as a federal prosecutor, the schemes involved upcoding, medically unnecessary services, or billing that quietly became more aggressive over time. Almost all of them got caught the same way: the billing numbers started standing out from everyone else’s. In Medicare billing, you don’t want to be an outlier.

ZPIC and UPIC Audits

Unified Program Integrity Contractors (UPICs), which have replaced Zone Program Integrity Contractors (ZPICs) in most regions, conduct the on-the-ground audit work. UPICs review claims data, request medical records, and sometimes conduct unannounced site visits across Medicare Parts A and B, DME, home health, and hospice billing. A UPIC audit letter is not a routine paperwork request; it is often the first visible sign of a fraud referral already underway.

Whistleblower and Qui Tam Complaints

Many investigations begin with a former employee, competitor, or patient filing a complaint. Under the False Claims Act, private individuals (relators) can file a sealed qui tam lawsuit on the government’s behalf and share in any recovery, which gives billing staff, office managers, and even business partners a financial incentive to report suspected fraud.

Subpoenas and Civil Investigative Demands

Once the government believes it has enough to justify formal process, providers typically receive a grand jury subpoena, an administrative subpoena, or a Civil Investigative Demand (CID) for records. How these are answered, and whether they are answered before counsel is involved, often shapes the rest of the case.

Search Warrants and Agent Interviews

In more advanced cases, agents from the FBI, HHS-OIG, or DEA may execute a search warrant at the practice or attempt to interview the provider or staff directly, sometimes without notice. When controlled-substance prescribing or recordkeeping is part of the inquiry, experienced DEA audit defense attorneys should be involved immediately. These visits are almost always the product of a long-running investigation, not the start of one.

If federal agents contact you or arrive at your practice, you are entitled to have an attorney present before you answer any questions. That right exists whether the visit feels routine or urgent.

 

Medicare Fraud Investigation · How It Builds
Five stages — most providers don't know an investigation exists until Stage Two or Three.
Stage 01
Data Analytics Flags the Claim
CMS and its contractors run every claim through predictive analytics. A billing profile that stands out from peers — in volume, code level, or reimbursement per patient — can land a provider on a review list without any human ever looking at the chart.
The investigation begins before you know it exists
Stage 02
UPIC Audit
Unified Program Integrity Contractors review claims data, request medical records, and may conduct unannounced site visits across Medicare Parts A and B, DME, home health, and hospice billing. A UPIC audit letter is often the first visible sign of a fraud referral already underway.
First visible sign — but the referral may already be in progress
Stage 03
Whistleblower or Qui Tam
A former employee, competitor, or patient files a sealed qui tam complaint under the False Claims Act on the government's behalf. The relator shares in any recovery — giving billing staff, office managers, and even business partners a financial incentive to report.
Complaint is sealed — defendant may not know it was filed
Stage 04
Subpoenas & CIDs
The government issues a grand jury subpoena, an administrative subpoena, or a Civil Investigative Demand for records and billing data. How these are answered — and whether counsel is involved before responding — often shapes the entire trajectory of the case.
Respond through counsel — not on your own
Stage 05
Search Warrants & Interviews
FBI, HHS-OIG, or DEA agents may execute a search warrant at the practice or attempt to interview the provider or staff directly — sometimes without notice. These visits are almost always the product of a long-running investigation, not the start of one.
You are entitled to have an attorney present before answering any questions

Civil Exposure vs. Criminal Exposure

Medicare fraud allegations can proceed on two separate tracks, and the same underlying conduct can trigger both at once.

Civil exposure typically arises under the False Claims Act. When a billing dispute turns into a whistleblower case or sealed qui tam investigation, our False Claims Act defense lawyers can help protect both the company and the individuals involved.The government, or a whistleblower on its behalf, can seek treble damages and substantial per-claim penalties for false claims submitted to Medicare. Civil cases do not require proof of intent to defraud at the same level as a criminal case, and they do not carry a risk of prison, but a civil judgment can still be financially devastating and can trigger permissive exclusion from federal health programs.

Criminal exposure arises under 18 U.S.C. § 1347 and related statutes, including the Anti-Kickback Statute and health care fraud conspiracy charges. Criminal cases require the government to prove the provider acted knowingly and willfully. A conviction can carry felony consequences, prison time, and mandatory exclusion.

Continuing the Medicare Fraud Defense Attorney article body from where it cut off:

It is common for the Department of Justice to pursue a matter civilly against some individuals or entities while pursuing others criminally out of the same set of facts. Whether a case stays civil or crosses into criminal territory often depends on how the provider and their counsel respond early on.

Penalties and Consequences Beyond Prison

The penalties tied to a Medicare fraud conviction extend well past a courtroom sentence.

Criminal penalties under 18 U.S.C. § 1347 include imprisonment of up to 10 years, increasing to up to 20 years if the offense results in serious bodily injury, and up to life if it results in death. Fines, mandatory restitution to Medicare, and forfeiture of fraud proceeds typically accompany a conviction.

Program exclusion is often the consequence that ends a career even after a sentence is served. Under 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7, HHS-OIG can exclude a provider from Medicare, Medicaid, and every other federal health care program. Mandatory exclusion applies automatically to certain convictions, including program-related crimes and felony health care fraud, and generally lasts a minimum of five years. Permissive exclusion gives OIG discretion to exclude for a broader range of conduct, including license loss or lesser offenses. Once excluded, no federal health program can pay for services a provider furnishes, orders, or prescribes, which as a practical matter forces most providers out of a federal-program-dependent practice entirely.

Licensing consequences follow separately. State medical, nursing, and pharmacy boards routinely open their own proceedings after a federal fraud allegation or conviction, independent of anything the Department of Justice does.

Business and reputational impact rounds out the exposure. Referral relationships, hospital privileges, payer contracts, and malpractice coverage can all be affected once an investigation becomes public, sometimes before any charges are filed.

Medicare Fraud Conviction · Full Exposure
Four categories of consequence — and some begin before any charges are filed.
Track 01
Criminal Penalties
  • Up to 10 years per count under 18 U.S.C. § 1347 — rising to 20 years if serious bodily injury results
  • Up to life imprisonment if the offense results in a patient's death
  • Substantial fines, mandatory restitution to Medicare, and forfeiture of fraud proceeds
Federal prison — no parole; you serve the majority of what the judge imposes
Track 02
Program Exclusion
  • HHS-OIG exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid, and every other federal health program
  • Mandatory exclusion for certain convictions — minimum five years, often longer
  • Once excluded, no federal program can pay for services the provider furnishes, orders, or prescribes
Often ends a career even after a sentence is fully served
Track 03
Licensing Consequences
  • State medical, nursing, and pharmacy boards routinely open their own proceedings after a federal fraud allegation
  • Licensing proceedings run independently of the federal case — a provider can lose a license before any trial concludes
  • Board action can also be triggered by the investigation itself, not just a conviction
Separate from the federal case — begins on its own timeline
Track 04
Business & Reputational Impact
  • Referral relationships, hospital privileges, and payer contracts can be affected once an investigation becomes public
  • Malpractice coverage and professional associations may respond to a fraud allegation independently
  • Business consequences can begin before any charges are formally filed
Can begin before charges — and long before any verdict
Key risk
Program exclusion and licensing consequences do not wait for a conviction. They can be triggered by the investigation itself — which is why early legal involvement affects every track, not just the criminal one.

How Federal Sentencing Works in a Medicare Fraud Case

If a Medicare fraud case ends in a federal conviction, the sentence isn’t set by the statutory maximum alone. It’s set by the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, and specifically by the general fraud guideline at USSG §2B1.1. Medicare fraud convictions, like other federal health care fraud convictions, are sentenced under this same guideline used for financial fraud generally.

Understanding how that guideline actually works is often more important to a provider’s real-world exposure than the charge itself.

The Base Level and the Add-Ons

Every fraud case starts at a base offense level of 7. From there, the guideline adds points for specific offense characteristics, and those points stack on top of each other.

  • 10 or more victims adds 2 levels; 50 or more adds 4.
  • Using sophisticated means adds 2 levels.
  • Misrepresenting that the defendant was acting on behalf of a charitable, religious, educational, or government agency adds 2 levels. In a Medicare case, this can come into play when billing or marketing materials misrepresent a provider’s relationship with the Medicare program itself.

A case that looks minor on paper, a base level of 7, can climb into the twenties once these enhancements stack. That difference isn’t measured in months. It’s often the difference between a lower-security sentence and a much longer one.

Loss Amount Drives the Range

Loss amount is the single biggest driver of a fraud sentence. Under the guidelines, crossing certain loss thresholds adds levels in fixed steps that get steeper as the dollar figure grows.

One distinction matters more than any other: actual loss versus intended loss. The government can seek credit for what a provider intended to bill Medicare, not just what Medicare actually paid out. A billing scheme that was caught early, or that only partially succeeded, can still be scored using the higher intended-loss figure if the government can show that was the target.

The Sophisticated Means Enhancement

This enhancement shows up often in Medicare fraud cases, and it doesn’t require anything close to a criminal mastermind. Courts applying the sophisticated-means enhancement have found that moving money between multiple accounts to mask where it came from can be enough on its own, even without any real technical complexity to the underlying scheme.

There are ways to push back on it:

  • Show the accounts or entities involved served a legitimate business purpose, not concealment.
  • Show the conduct was simple and repetitive rather than a layered scheme, the same type of transaction happening many times rather than a complex structure.
  • Argue proportionality: conduct that looks unsophisticated next to an actual organized scheme shouldn’t be scored the same way.

If the underlying conduct was routine, the enhancement shouldn’t automatically apply.

Victim Enhancements in a Medicare Case

Victim-count enhancements can move a sentence as much as the loss amount does. Ten or more victims adds levels; fifty or more adds more.

The guideline’s definition of “victim” is broad, and in a Medicare case that can sweep in individual beneficiaries as well as the program itself. That breadth cuts both ways. It also means the list the government relies on is worth checking line by line, for duplicate entries, beneficiaries whose claims were already reimbursed, or losses actually tied to something else, like a UPIC finding rooted in a documentation issue rather than a fraudulent claim.

Where the Loss Calculation Can Actually Be Challenged

The government’s loss number doesn’t come down from anywhere official. It’s a spreadsheet, built on assumptions, and every one of those assumptions can be tested.

Areas worth examining closely in a Medicare fraud case include:

  • Credits against loss. If actual services were provided to beneficiaries, even under a disputed billing code, that value can offset the loss figure.
  • Double counting. Some loss calculations count the same reimbursed dollar more than once across overlapping claims.
  • Speculative intended loss. A projected or extrapolated loss figure has to be reasonably foreseeable, not just a number the government would have liked to reach.

A $50,000 reduction in the loss figure sounds small next to a multi-million-dollar Medicare billing dispute. In sentencing terms, it can mean years.

A Hypothetical Walk-Through

The following is a hypothetical, built only to show how the math works. It is not a real case or client result.

Imagine a Medicare billing scheme involving $300,000 in fraudulent claims, built on a pattern of upcoding and billing for services at an inflated frequency. The base offense level is 7. A $300,000 loss amount adds 12 levels under the guidelines, putting the offense level at 19. Add 2 levels for a sophisticated-means enhancement tied to how the billing entity moved reimbursements between accounts, and 2 more levels because the claims involved more than 10 Medicare beneficiaries, and the offense level reaches 23.

At Criminal History Category I, that lands in a 46-to-57-month guideline range, before any credit for acceptance of responsibility or a successful challenge to an enhancement.

Now suppose defense counsel successfully challenges the sophisticated-means enhancement and the client receives credit for acceptance of responsibility. Litigating that one enhancement, combined with acceptance of responsibility, can bring the offense level down to roughly level 18 or 19, a meaningfully lower guideline range. This is exactly why the sentencing math, not just the underlying facts, is worth fighting over.

Mistakes Providers Make When Investigators Make Contact

We regularly see the same missteps compound an already serious situation.

  • Answering questions without counsel present. Agents are trained interviewers. A provider trying to “clear things up” informally often hands the government its best evidence.
  • Assuming an audit is purely administrative. A UPIC or ZPIC audit can be the visible front end of a criminal referral already in progress.
  • Altering, backdating, or supplementing records after the fact. This can turn a billing dispute into an obstruction charge.
  • Letting office staff respond to subpoenas or agent questions. Employees may unknowingly implicate the practice or themselves.
  • Continuing the billing practice under investigation. Ongoing conduct after notice of an investigation can be treated as evidence of willfulness.
  • Waiting to call a lawyer until charges are filed. By that point, key decisions about records, employee statements, and self-disclosure have often already been made without counsel’s input.

Two of these mistakes deserve extra attention because they tend to compound the fastest.

Destroying or altering billing and medical records doesn’t make a billing problem go away. It creates a second problem, obstruction, that is often easier for the government to prove than the underlying billing issue, because investigators can show what existed, what was removed, and when it happened. Preserved records, produced strategically through counsel, can become leverage. Destroyed records almost never do.

The other mistake is treating silence as safety. Investigations move quietly long before a provider knows one is underway. Billing data gets pulled, financial records get reviewed, and staff get interviewed while the practice keeps operating as usual. By the time it feels real, the government is often much further along than the provider realizes.

If you are unsure whether a letter, audit, or visit requires a lawyer, treat it as though it does until you’ve had it reviewed. The cost of that call is far lower than the cost of the wrong response.

How We Defend Medicare Fraud Cases at Every Stage

Our approach depends on where a matter stands when we’re brought in, and we’d rather get involved before a problem becomes a subpoena. Investigations today start with data, not a disgruntled employee, and by the time a provider learns one exists, investigators may already be reviewing years of billing records. Providers who bring in counsel early to review billing practices and shore up compliance are in a materially different position than those who wait for a letter to arrive.

Before formal contact. We help providers respond to internal audit findings, RAC or UPIC record requests, and payer inquiries in a way that limits exposure and documents good-faith compliance efforts.

At the subpoena or CID stage. We manage the document production, communicate with the U.S. Attorney’s Office or OIG on the client’s behalf, and work to understand the government’s theory before our client says a word.

During the investigation. We work to keep matters on a civil track where the facts support it, negotiate the scope of records requests, and prepare clients and staff for any interviews that do occur.

If charges are filed. We build a defense around intent, documentation, and the government’s data, since most Medicare fraud cases rise or fall on whether the government can prove knowing and willful conduct rather than a coding disagreement.

On exclusion and licensing matters. We pursue reinstatement applications and respond to state board proceedings that often run in parallel with the federal case.

The Department of Justice has also shifted who it targets in health care fraud matters. For years, the focus stayed largely on the practice or corporate entity. Increasingly, the government focuses on the individuals who approved the billing practices at issue: physicians, office managers, and executives. That shift changes how we think about individual versus practice exposure from the start of an engagement.

It also changes how we think about self-disclosure. Coming forward before the government finds a billing issue independently isn’t about beating a deadline. It’s about who controls the conversation. Once investigators find a problem on their own, a provider is reacting to the government’s narrative instead of shaping it. We help clients get a realistic assessment of that timing question before it’s decided for them.

We do not promise outcomes, and no responsible attorney should. What we bring is direct experience with how these cases are built and prosecuted, from the inside of the U.S. Attorney’s Office to the defense table.

Why Providers Nationwide Work With Keith & Lorfing

Medicare fraud is a federal crime under federal law, which means it is prosecuted the same way whether a provider practices in a major metro area or a small town, and it means providers anywhere in the country can rely on attorneys with deep federal court experience rather than searching for someone admitted only in their home state.

Russell Lorfing, Managing Partner, is a former Assistant U.S. Attorney who was designated a Cyber Hacking Intellectual Property Prosecutor by the U.S. Attorney’s Office in 2017. He has trained federal agents and prosecutors for the FBI, IRS, DEA, and DOJ, and he is recognized nationally for his work on white-collar investigations involving the IRS, Homeland Security, and the FBI. He serves as 2024 Co-Chair of the Federal Criminal Defense Committee for the Texas Criminal Defense Lawyers Association and is admitted to practice in Texas, Washington D.C., the Fifth Circuit, the Northern, Western, and Southern Districts of Texas, and the United States Supreme Court.

Trey Keith, Founding Partner, has spent more than 20 years defending clients accused of federal and state crimes, including securing not-guilty verdicts in money laundering cases.

Hon. E. Scott Frost (Ret.), Of Counsel, brings more than 30 years of federal courtroom experience to case strategy from the bench’s perspective.

That combination, a former federal prosecutor who trained the agencies now conducting these investigations, a trial attorney with two decades of federal defense experience, and a retired federal judge, gives clients insight into how the government builds a Medicare fraud case and how to respond to it.

Our broader team adds to that bench: former federal prosecutors, former federal public defenders, former FBI agents, and former IRS criminal investigators, alongside our retired federal judge. We’ve drawn on that combined experience to work with healthcare organizations and physicians nationwide on reviewing billing practices, strengthening compliance systems, and engaging strategically with investigators when Medicare billing questions come up.

If you’ve been contacted about a Medicare billing issue, schedule a consultation before you respond to the government. We also handle related matters including Healthcare Fraud Defense, Medicaid Fraud Defense, and False Claims Act & Qui Tam Defense.

Medicare Fraud Defense FAQ

What's the difference between a billing error and Medicare fraud?

Fraud requires knowing and willful intent to obtain money through false or fraudulent claims. A documentation gap, a coding mistake, or a good-faith interpretation of a coverage rule is a compliance issue, not a crime, unless the government can show the provider knew the claim was false and submitted it anyway.

Not necessarily, but it should be taken seriously. UPIC audits are civil administrative reviews, but an unfavorable finding can be referred to OIG, the FBI, or the DOJ for further investigation. We recommend involving counsel as soon as an audit letter arrives, not after the results come back.

Criminal liability under 18 U.S.C. § 1347 requires proof of knowing and willful conduct. Civil liability under the False Claims Act has a lower intent standard and can apply to reckless disregard of a claim’s truth or falsity, which is why civil exposure is often broader than criminal exposure for the same conduct.

Contact an attorney before producing documents or answering questions. How a subpoena response is handled, including what records are gathered and how communications with staff are managed, can affect whether a matter stays civil or escalates.

Yes. The Department of Justice regularly evaluates the same conduct for both civil and criminal liability, and a case that starts as a civil audit or whistleblower complaint can be referred for criminal review if the evidence supports it.

Exclusion under 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7 bars a provider from billing Medicare, Medicaid, or any other federal health program. Mandatory exclusions, which apply to certain convictions including felony health care fraud, generally last a minimum of five years. Permissive exclusions vary in length based on OIG’s discretion and the underlying conduct.

Even confident, well-documented providers benefit from counsel managing the response. Investigators are building a record, and an unrepresented response can create ambiguity that gets read against the provider later.

Immediately, and before responding substantively to any request for records or an interview. Early involvement gives an attorney the ability to shape the response to a subpoena or agent inquiry rather than clean up after one.

Facing Federal Scrutiny?

Speak with our federal investigations team confidentially.

24/7 Crisis Line: 325-480-8100

Engagements nationwide

The Team

Former Federal Officials.
Strategic Crisis Counsel.

Russell Lorfing Headshot

Partner

Russell Lorfing Former Federal Prosecutor

  • Multi-award-winning trial lawyer and former federal prosecutor.
  • Has handled thousands of cases and lead counsel in numerous federal trials.
  • Served as an Assistant United States Attorney in the Northern District of
  • Texas and ran a human trafficking task force on Saipan.
  • Selected for the IRS’ Director’s Award for his prosecutorial accomplishments on financial investigations.
  • Recognized nationally for his work on white-collar investigations, bringing a wealth of experience to every case.

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Brandi Young headshot

Partner

Brandi Young Former Federal Prosecutor

  • Retired from the Department of Justice as a career federal prosecutor before joining Keith & Lorfing.
  • Oversaw hundreds of federal investigations and served as lead counsel in over 30 federal jury trials.
  • Served as Supervisory Assistant United States Attorney in the Western District of Texas for nearly a decade.
  • Advises corporations and family offices on mitigation strategy and assists with internal compliance audits.

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David Sloan headshot

Partner

David Sloan Former Federal Defender

He put his trial skills to work in the courtroom, prosecuting cases for Ellis County and the District Attorney’s office in Waxahachie. His skills were recognized by the trial lawyers around him, and he went from a misdemeanor prosecutor to lead counsel on murder trials in less than three years.

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C Richard Baker headshot

Of Counsel

C. Richard Baker Former Assistant United States Attorney

Over five decades of courtroom and prosecutorial experience, including more than 30 years as an Assistant United States Attorney. A former U.S. Marine Corps officer and Vietnam veteran recognized for his trial experience in high-profile criminal matters. His command of federal criminal procedure gives clients a strategic advantage in grand jury proceedings and serious criminal exposure, with a particular passion for representing veterans.

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Scott Frost headshot

Of Counsel

Hon. Scott Frost (Ret.) Former Federal Judge

Keith served as an FBI Special Agent in Lubbock for 27 years, focusing on human trafficking, crimes against children, and terrorism. Known for his collaborative leadership and relentless pursuit of justice, he now brings his expertise to our firm as Special Investigator.

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Eric Gerard headshot

Of Counsel

Eric Gerard Former Federal Prosecutor

Keith served as an FBI Special Agent in Lubbock for 27 years, focusing on human trafficking, crimes against children, and terrorism. Known for his collaborative leadership and relentless pursuit of justice, he now brings his expertise to our firm as Special Investigator.

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Chris Solid headshot

Of Counsel

Chris Solis Former Federal Prosecutor

Shane Chriesman headshot

Senior Associate

Shane Chriesman Former Federal Prosecutor

Javier Rocha headshot

Strategic Advisor

Javier Rocha Family Office Executive & Attorney

A family office executive and attorney with over a decade leading privately held businesses and executive teams across complex organizations. His career has focused on governance, investments, operations, and long-term stewardship for family office functions involving billions in assets, advising billion-dollar enterprises on internal investigations, investment diligence, and succession planning. Serves as Board of Directors Chairman for Heritage School and Assistant Scoutmaster for Troop 137.

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Advisors & Investigators

Strategic Advisors & Federal Investigators

A bench of former federal agents, prosecutors, and senior advisors who provide investigative
depth and strategic counsel on the firm’s most complex matters.

Arthur Gonzales headshot

Strategic Investigator

Arthur Gonzales Former FBI Supervisory Special Agent

Nearly three decades with the FBI in leadership roles spanning counterterrorism, organized crime, and financial crimes. Recognized nationally and internationally for expertise in complex federal investigations, crisis management, and undercover operations, and served as an instructor at the FBI Academy. Provides strategic consulting and investigative support in federal criminal defense and white-collar investigations.

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Michael Ornorff headshot

Strategic Investigator

Michael Orndorff Retired FBI Special Agent

Over two decades of federal investigative experience in terrorism, national security threats, and white-collar crime. Served as lead FBI Special Agent in the successful disruption of a terrorist plot involving Khalid Aldawsari, with deep expertise in sensitive investigations, complex evidence, and crisis response. Now advises on federal criminal defense, government investigations, and national security matters.

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Travis Thorson headshot

Strategic Investigator

Travis Thorson Retired IRS-CI Special Agent & FBI Task Force Officer

Over two decades of federal investigative experience focused on complex financial crimes, money laundering, and organized criminal enterprises. A former IRS Special Agent whose forensic accounting work was critical in tracing illicit financial activity and building federal prosecutions. Provides strategic consulting for federal criminal defense, forensic accounting, and money laundering investigations.

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Keith Quigley headshot

Special Investigator

Keith Quigley Former FBI Special Agent

Keith served as an FBI Special Agent in Lubbock for 27 years, focusing on human trafficking, crimes against children, and terrorism. Known for his collaborative leadership and relentless pursuit of justice, he now brings his expertise to our firm as Special Investigator.

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Jennifer Sparks

Strategic Investigator

Jenifer Sparks Retired FBI Special Agent & Certified Profiler

Nearly three decades of FBI experience specializing in violent crime investigations, behavioral analysis, and crimes against children. Served as a Special Agent, Supervisory Special Agent Profiler, and Coordinator of the FBI’s Child Exploitation Task Force. Provides strategic consulting in federal criminal defense, human trafficking investigations, witness credibility assessment, and behavioral analysis.

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Jennifer Cejpek headshot

Strategic Investigator

Jennifer Cejpek Former FBI Special Agent & Certified Fraud Examiner

More than two decades of federal investigative and intelligence experience specializing in healthcare fraud, financial crimes, and public corruption. As a former FBI Special Agent, she led complex federal investigations in close coordination with the Department of Justice. Background includes service as an Electronic Warfare and Intelligence Analyst in the U.S. Army and expertise in forensic interviewing. Advises on federal criminal defense, white-collar crime, and compliance matters.

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William Luttrell headshot

Strategic Advisor

William Luttrell Financial Analyst & CPA

Financial analyst and Certified Public Accountant advising the firm on complex financial matters, forensic accounting, and the analysis of records central to federal white-collar and financial crime defense.

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Recognition

Awards & Honors

Internal Revenue Service

IRS Director’s Award

For prosecutorial accomplishments on financial investigations

National Recognition

Multi-Award-Winning Trial Lawyers

Recognized nationally for white-collar investigations work

U.S. Department of Justice

Career Federal Prosecutors

Decades of distinguished service at the U.S. Department of Justice

Combined Team Experience

More Than 150 Years of Federal Law Enforcement Experience

Combined experience across DOJ, FBI, and the federal bench

Accolades & Accreditations

Client Reviews

What Our Clients Say

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I had a dear family friend retain Russell behind some very serious criminal charges. Russell listened and maintained contact through the whole process to assure he felt comfortable and in the loop. With Russell’s help, the case/investigation was dismissed and innocence ensured. We are so grateful for Russell’s dedication and professionalism. Would definitely recommend

  • Jaileen Ceballo
  • Google Review

Our personal experience could not have been better. These attorneys worked diligently and stayed in constant contact with us regarding the developments in our case. We always had the final say in any offers made by the prosecution. If I could only say one thing about them it would be “they listen” I always felt that my opinion was heard and considered. We discussed everything good and bad. When a decision was finally agreed on we felt it was the very best and truthfully an almost unbelievable outcome. I never want to find my family in the midst or subject of a criminal case ever again but if it happens my first and only call will be to this law firm. Big thanks to Russell and Chris on a job well done. And the office staff are simply amazing! Always polite, knowledgeable, and professional. Thank you all for treating us as family and working so hard to bring this case to a great conclusion.

  • Kathy Lindley
  • Google Review

I had a legal case that was difficult for me, and Russell Lorfing was very helpful throughout the process, advocating for me and working with me throughout the whole process. He was quite accessible as well whether by phone or email, and his staff was also quite helpful to reach out to. Russell was very systematic in going through the evidence that we had in building a case and gave pragmatic explanations on his views considering all the evidence. He also gave me the confidence several times during the process that the evidence for my case was sufficient in building a strong defense. I appreciate very much that he did not sugarcoat my situation and was patient in addressing concerns I had along the way. I strongly recommend Russell for anyone going through a difficult legal battle.

  • Michael Brown
  • Google Review

Russell was representing another client in federal court and my family saw him in action and we immediately fired our lawyer and hired Russell on the spot. One of the best decisions we’ve ever made. My brother’s case was very serious as he was looking at 40 years Fed for distribution of methamphetamine. Russell is very connected and well respected when it comes to law. He has great history in the courts with judges and prosecutors. Russell will not sell you a dream—he will shoot you straight and will not sugar coat anything. Russell was able to get my brother’s sentence cut in HALF to something way more reasonable.

  • Nick Mendez
  • Google Review

Russell Lorfing is THE guy you hire if you’ve been charged with a federal crime in West Texas. My fiancé was charged with a serious federal charge and we needed an experienced defense lawyer. He is one of the most honest lawyers you will find—he tells you exactly how things are and answers your questions honestly. He was looking at 13+ years, and now is looking at 5 years thanks to Mr. Lorfing, who did not rest until he was able to get him something better.

  • Verified Client
  • Google Review

My son is on State and Federal Parole. He was in a lot of trouble that could have landed him in prison for many years. Russell took my son’s case and has done a great job. Russell was able to get the state charges against my son dismissed—my son was looking at a minimum of twenty-five years. Russell also got my son a great plea deal with my son’s federal case. The Keith & Lorfing team treated us as if we were family. I recommend Keith & Lorfing to everybody.

  • Hazel Jefferson
  • Google Review

My entire experience with Keith and Lorfing has been great. I was facing the possibility of a 15 year MINIMUM sentence. Mr. Lorfing was very honest and made no promises but he reassured me that his main goal was to keep me out of prison. He did just that and I was able to sign for 6 years probation instead. I highly recommend Keith and Lorfing for anyone in need of a confident and experienced defense attorney.

  • Blanca Berumen
  • Google Review

My husband and I had a great experience working with Russell Lorfing. He managed to get my brother-in-law’s federal case dismissed in a short period of time. Mr. Lorfing is caring and is in constant contact with you and your family. He is a great federal defense lawyer. He is highly recommended!

  • Yoleny Palacios
  • Google Review

I wanted to express my deepest gratitude for the incredible support and expertise you provided to my family member. Your dedication and hard work made a world of difference during a challenging time. Thank you for going above and beyond to ensure the best possible outcome. We will strongly encourage anyone that is experiencing any case to consider Russell Lorfing Esq. to represent them.

  • Adrienne Holmes
  • Google Review

At the first of our situation we were scared and didn’t know where to begin. My wife made a phone call to Keith & Lorfing just to see where to begin—turned out to be the best decision! Russell and Chris from Keith & Lorfing were absolute professionals. They were the smartest and most prepared in the courtroom. Extremely impressed! They gave us our life back and could not thank them enough for what they did!

  • Aaron Wood
  • Google Review

I had the privilege of working with Keith and Lorfing for my criminal defense case, and I cannot recommend them highly enough. From the initial consultation to the courtroom proceedings, Keith and Lorfing demonstrated a deep understanding of the law and a commitment to protecting my rights. Thanks to their diligent efforts and sharp legal acumen, they successfully navigated the complexities of my case and ultimately secured a dismissal.

  • Adrien Strahan
  • Google Review

Russell was recommended to me by several people and we are so lucky to have found him! He was able to get a potential 7 year sentence down to only 9 months. Not to mention he and everyone at the law firm was so kind and helpful. It felt more like a family than a law firm. Would recommend to anyone who is in a tough spot.

  • Georgia Fuller
  • Google Review

A referral that I am very glad I was given. Not only did he meet the expectations I had heard from the referral, but exceeded them beyond measure. The process was simple and I was very comfortable and confident throughout. Mr. Lorfing and his associates are amazing and helpful. 10/10 recommended for their honesty and assistance.

  • Matthew Godinez
  • Google Review

Absolutely the best lawyer and staff I’ve ever met. He was more concerned with telling me the facts of where I stood legally than taking my case just for his financial gain. If I ever need any more legal help, I will go to their firm.

  • Kris Knight
  • Google Review

I am truly thankful for all you have done for me and my case. My family and I greatly appreciate everything you have done. I am greatly and truly impressed with the outcome. You were great at getting the answers for any question I had and explaining what everything meant. You are very outstanding and have done an amazing job. Thank you so much Russell!

  • Amy Rodriguez
  • Google Review

Russell did an amazing job. My case truly was a hail Mary. Lots of threading the needle and moving parts was an understatement. It’s a true testament that if someone wants to really change and will help him help themselves, he can and will.

  • Andy Dunlap
  • Google Review

Russell was an incredible advocate for my family. He regularly communicated with us and made us feel like we were his priority. My brother was looking at a mandatory minimum ten years in federal prison with a maximum possible sentence of life. He ended up pleading to a much less serious crime and serving less than a year. If you’ve been charged with a federal crime in West Texas, Russell Lorfing is THE ATTORNEY you hire.

  • Willie Kershaw
  • Google Review

After I was initially charged, I was swimming in a pool of despair. After my initial intake appointment there was a welcoming presence and a pedigree of honesty with my circumstances. Nothing was sugarcoated but they never made me feel like what I wanted was out of question. I couldn’t be more thrilled about the outcome—Keith literally reached into the depths of the justice system and pulled me out untarnished.

  • Williwill777
  • Google Review

Thank you Mr. Lorfing for your work getting my family member’s Federal MTR Dismissed. We know the time crunch made communication difficult so a special shout out to his legal assistant Wendi as well for getting back with me and reassuring our family things were getting done behind the scenes. We couldn’t have asked for a better outcome.

  • Brooklyn Martinez
  • Google Review

Mr. Lorfing is AMAZING! He is truly a miracle worker! My brother got into deep trouble, so we contacted the best lawyer to represent him. While most lawyers bring up payment options first, he listened to our story first. Mr. Lorfing resolved it before it got way worse and treated us like family. The Lorfing Law Firm is the way to go. He saved my brother and saved my family from heartaches.

  • MJ D
  • Google Review

Mr. Lorfing is different. He really cares about justice being served. He did a wonderful job with my son as his client. Mr. Lorfing doesn’t accept the usual outcomes of a case. He delves into all possibilities and outcomes for his clients and puts forth great effort when representing his clients. He is a very good lawyer.

  • Tammy Foster
  • Google Review

I had a complicated case and this man really did his job—and did it in no time. I’m so happy with his professionalism and empathy towards me. He really had my back. Thank you Mr. Lorfing.

  • Amy Kilough
  • Google Review

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